前拉斐尔派（Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood），又常译为前拉斐尔兄弟会，是1848年开始的一个艺术团体（也是艺术运动），由3名年轻的英国画家所发起—约翰·艾佛雷特·米莱、但丁·加百利·罗塞蒂和威廉·霍尔曼·亨特。 　　他们的目的是为了改变当时的艺术潮流，反对那些在米开朗基罗和拉斐尔的时代之后在他们看来偏向了机械论的风格主义画家。他们认为拉斐尔时代以前古典的姿势和优美的绘画成分已经被学院艺术派的教学方法所腐化了，因此取名为前拉斐尔派。他们尤其反对由约书亚·雷诺兹（Joshua Reynolds）爵士所创立的英国皇家艺术学院（Royal Academy of Arts）的画风，认为他的作画技巧只是懒散而公式化的学院风格主义。他们主张回归到15世纪意大利文艺复兴初期的，画出大量细节、并运用强烈色彩的画风。 　　前拉斐尔派常被看作是艺术中的前卫派运动，不过他们否认这种描述，因为他们仍然以古典历史和神话作为绘画题材以及模仿的艺术态度，或者是以模拟自然的状态，来作为他们艺术的目的。不过，前拉斐尔派毫无疑问将自身视为艺术界的改革运动，为他们的运动取了名称以做区别，并且也出版了他们的期刊The Germ，以宣扬他们的概念。有关他们的讨论则纪录在Pre-Raphaelite Journal中。

前拉斐尔派（Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood），又常译为前拉斐尔兄弟会，是1848年开始的一个艺术团体（也是艺术运动），由3名年轻的英国画家所发起—约翰·艾佛雷特·米莱、但丁·加百利·罗塞蒂和威廉·霍尔曼·亨特。 　　他们的目的是为了改变当时的艺术潮流，反对那些在米开朗基罗和拉斐尔的时代之后在他们看来偏向了机械论的风格主义画家。他们认为拉斐尔时代以前古典的姿势和优美的绘画成分已经被学院艺术派的教学方法所腐化了，因此取名为前拉斐尔派。他们尤其反对由约书亚·雷诺兹（Joshua Reynolds）爵士所创立的英国皇家艺术学院（Royal Academy of Arts）的画风，认为他的作画技巧只是懒散而公式化的学院风格主义。他们主张回归到15世纪意大利文艺复兴初期的，画出大量细节、并运用强烈色彩的画风。 　　前拉斐尔派常被看作是艺术中的前卫派运动，不过他们否认这种描述，因为他们仍然以古典历史和神话作为绘画题材以及模仿的艺术态度，或者是以模拟自然的状态，来作为他们艺术的目的。不过，前拉斐尔派毫无疑问将自身视为艺术界的改革运动，为他们的运动取了名称以做区别，并且也出版了他们的期刊The Germ，以宣扬他们的概念。有关他们的讨论则纪录在Pre-Raphaelite Journal中。

This visually stunning new film combines in-depth explorations of Raphael’s astonishing art, and immersive historical reconstructions featuring acclaimed actor and director Flavio Parenti (To Rome With Love, Io sono l’amore), inspired by 18th Century paintings depicting fragments of Raphael’s life.

探访文化艺术古城，了解拉斐尔的生命与艺术发展的历史

A short film made by Eric Rohmer dealing with the drawings of Raphael.

与达·芬奇、米开朗琪罗并称“文艺复兴三杰”的拉斐尔·圣奇奥（意大利文：Raffaello Sanzio，常简称拉斐尔Raphael）其实一生非常短暂，但在37年的人生中，他很早就显露出极高的艺术天赋，取得了非凡的艺术成就，那些神态端庄优雅、线条秀美的圣母肖像，足以把拉斐尔长久地供奉在艺术史的殿堂之上。 　　在拉斐尔之前，中世纪的宗教画往往僵内容严肃且毫无生气，拉斐尔以世俗化的手法，将传统的宗教题材描绘成现实生活中的理想美，留下诸如《西斯廷圣母》《椅中圣母》等经典作品，那些宁静恬美的女性形象是在他8岁时早逝的母亲，是他神秘的恋人，是邂逅的园丁的女儿，她们笼罩着人间的光辉，又遵循安宁、和谐、协调、对称的完美秩序，充分体现了拉斐尔独特的画风和他的人文主义思想。尽管时隔500年，我们仍可在高清镜头的捕捉下，仿佛听到拉斐尔亲切自然的画作中，人物的温柔叹息。 　　纪录片为我们勾勒画家的人生轨迹，使用了获奖插画师Giordano Poloni为本片创作的动画，带有梦幻色彩的手绘风格，从拉斐尔诞生的小城乌尔比诺，到文艺复兴的重镇佛罗伦萨和罗马，填补了拉斐尔生平履历中影像的缺失。在那里，神话、传说和现实不断交织。

在《日本国宪法》的阐述里，天皇为日本国和日本国民的象征。宪法制定的象征天皇，究竟是一份怎样的职业？ 之前天皇主宰国家政治，发动战争，战后被确定为国家象征符号的天皇，又在做着怎样的角色转变努力？ 在日本天皇皇后两陛下迎来成婚50周年之际的今天，NHK将首次披露象征天皇的本色风貌。记录从昭和到平成，新时代的皇室之风何以造就。

Gang of Four 　　Episode 1 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　Art writer Waldemar Januszczak explores the revolutionary achievements of the Impressionists. In the first episode, Waldemar delves into the back stories of four of the most influential Impressionists - Pissarro, Monet, Renoir and Bazille - who together laid the foundations of the artistic movement. He finds out what social and cultural influences drove them to their style of painting, how they were united and how ultimately they challenged and changed art forever. 　　Waldemar journeys from the shores of the West Indies, to the progressive city of Paris to the suburbs of South London, where these four artists drew inspiration from the cities and towns in which they lived. Whether it be the infamous spot on the river Seine - La Grenouillere - where Monet and Renoir beautifully captured animated people, iridescent light and undulating water or the minimalist, non-sensationalised illustrations of Pissarro's coarse countryside paintings, Waldemar discovers how the Impressionists broke conventions by depicting every day encounters within the unpredictable and ever changing sights around them. 　　------ 　　Painting outdoors 　　Episode 2 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　Waldemar Januszczak continues his investigation of the Impressionists by taking us outdoors to their most famous locations. Although Impressionist pictures often look sunny and relaxed, achieving this peaceful air was hard work. Trudging through fog, wind and rain, across treacherous coastal rocks and knee-deep snow, Waldemar shows how the famous spontaneity of the Impressionists is thoroughly misleading. 　　This episode visits the French riverside locations that Monet loved to paint, and where Renoir captured the bonhomie of modern life. Waldemar also introduces a number of technical and practical developments of the age which completely revolutionised Impressionist painting - the invention of portable easels; the use of hog's hair in paint brushes; as well as the introduction of the railway through France. And a scientific demonstration in a Swedish snowdrift explains just how right the Impressionists were to paint brightly coloured shadows in their winter scenes, despite being accused of 'hallucinating' at the time. 　　Finally, Januszczak explains Cezanne's part in the Impressionist story from his dark and challenging early work to his first rural landscapes in France, and then his departure from Paris and separation from the Impressionist gang. 　　------ 　　Painting the People 　　Episode 3 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　Waldemar Januszczak continues his investigation of the Impressionists, focusing this time on the people they painted and in particular the subjects of Degas, Caillebotte and the often forgotten Impressionist women artists. The Impressionists are famous for painting landscape but they were just as determined to paint people. 　　Looking closely at one of Impressionism's finest painters, Edgar Degas, Waldemar reveals how he consistently challenged traditions and strove to record real life as it appeared in the city, from sculpting the contorted movements of horses in motion at the Longchamp race course in Paris to encapsulating extravagant 3D viewpoints of the ballet dancers at the Paris Opera. 　　Waldemar also uncovers the intoxicating haziness the pastel produced in Degas' work when visiting his supplier Pastels de Roche. He also reveals the unusual viewpoints and dramatic perspectives of Caillebotte's paintings from the Place de L'Europe and the rebellious and revolutionary art of Morisot, Bracquemond and Cassatt, three impressive female artists who were eagerly embraced by the progressive movement of Impressionism 　　------ 　　Final Flourish 　　Episode 4 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　This episode takes a closer look at the late years of Impressionism, using the last show these artists did together as a starting point. 　　Waldemar looks in considerable depth at the work of Georges Seurat, taking into consideration his academic training at the Beaux-Arts School in Paris and the artists that influenced him, such as Piero della Francesca and Puvis de Chavannes. 　　There is also an insight into the complex but fascinating world of optics and art, and the ways in which the Impressionists were using the new discoveries in light and eyesight to influence their work. A fascinating 'after-image' experiment brings to life the ways in which our own eyes see colour, both in its presence and its absence. 　　Van Gogh's time in Paris, a period very little is known about, is also covered, charting the incredible journey the artist made from his brown and dull canvases to the splendid colour and light that pervaded his work on the cusp of his departure for the South of France. 　　The film finishes with a revisiting of Monet and his later waterlily paintings in the Orangerie in Paris. Waldemar investigates how a bad case of cataracts was responsible for a seismic shift in his colour palette and his brushstrokes. Spending time with an ophthalmologist, he finds out how old age and a fairly common ailment of the eyes caused Impressionism to shift and become radical again at the turn of the century and into the 20th century

Gang of Four 　　Episode 1 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　Art writer Waldemar Januszczak explores the revolutionary achievements of the Impressionists. In the first episode, Waldemar delves into the back stories of four of the most influential Impressionists - Pissarro, Monet, Renoir and Bazille - who together laid the foundations of the artistic movement. He finds out what social and cultural influences drove them to their style of painting, how they were united and how ultimately they challenged and changed art forever. 　　Waldemar journeys from the shores of the West Indies, to the progressive city of Paris to the suburbs of South London, where these four artists drew inspiration from the cities and towns in which they lived. Whether it be the infamous spot on the river Seine - La Grenouillere - where Monet and Renoir beautifully captured animated people, iridescent light and undulating water or the minimalist, non-sensationalised illustrations of Pissarro's coarse countryside paintings, Waldemar discovers how the Impressionists broke conventions by depicting every day encounters within the unpredictable and ever changing sights around them. 　　------ 　　Painting outdoors 　　Episode 2 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　Waldemar Januszczak continues his investigation of the Impressionists by taking us outdoors to their most famous locations. Although Impressionist pictures often look sunny and relaxed, achieving this peaceful air was hard work. Trudging through fog, wind and rain, across treacherous coastal rocks and knee-deep snow, Waldemar shows how the famous spontaneity of the Impressionists is thoroughly misleading. 　　This episode visits the French riverside locations that Monet loved to paint, and where Renoir captured the bonhomie of modern life. Waldemar also introduces a number of technical and practical developments of the age which completely revolutionised Impressionist painting - the invention of portable easels; the use of hog's hair in paint brushes; as well as the introduction of the railway through France. And a scientific demonstration in a Swedish snowdrift explains just how right the Impressionists were to paint brightly coloured shadows in their winter scenes, despite being accused of 'hallucinating' at the time. 　　Finally, Januszczak explains Cezanne's part in the Impressionist story from his dark and challenging early work to his first rural landscapes in France, and then his departure from Paris and separation from the Impressionist gang. 　　------ 　　Painting the People 　　Episode 3 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　Waldemar Januszczak continues his investigation of the Impressionists, focusing this time on the people they painted and in particular the subjects of Degas, Caillebotte and the often forgotten Impressionist women artists. The Impressionists are famous for painting landscape but they were just as determined to paint people. 　　Looking closely at one of Impressionism's finest painters, Edgar Degas, Waldemar reveals how he consistently challenged traditions and strove to record real life as it appeared in the city, from sculpting the contorted movements of horses in motion at the Longchamp race course in Paris to encapsulating extravagant 3D viewpoints of the ballet dancers at the Paris Opera. 　　Waldemar also uncovers the intoxicating haziness the pastel produced in Degas' work when visiting his supplier Pastels de Roche. He also reveals the unusual viewpoints and dramatic perspectives of Caillebotte's paintings from the Place de L'Europe and the rebellious and revolutionary art of Morisot, Bracquemond and Cassatt, three impressive female artists who were eagerly embraced by the progressive movement of Impressionism 　　------ 　　Final Flourish 　　Episode 4 of 4 　　Duration: 1 hour 　　This episode takes a closer look at the late years of Impressionism, using the last show these artists did together as a starting point. 　　Waldemar looks in considerable depth at the work of Georges Seurat, taking into consideration his academic training at the Beaux-Arts School in Paris and the artists that influenced him, such as Piero della Francesca and Puvis de Chavannes. 　　There is also an insight into the complex but fascinating world of optics and art, and the ways in which the Impressionists were using the new discoveries in light and eyesight to influence their work. A fascinating 'after-image' experiment brings to life the ways in which our own eyes see colour, both in its presence and its absence. 　　Van Gogh's time in Paris, a period very little is known about, is also covered, charting the incredible journey the artist made from his brown and dull canvases to the splendid colour and light that pervaded his work on the cusp of his departure for the South of France. 　　The film finishes with a revisiting of Monet and his later waterlily paintings in the Orangerie in Paris. Waldemar investigates how a bad case of cataracts was responsible for a seismic shift in his colour palette and his brushstrokes. Spending time with an ophthalmologist, he finds out how old age and a fairly common ailment of the eyes caused Impressionism to shift and become radical again at the turn of the century and into the 20th century

Never was a world so completely turned upside down as with the arrival of the Impressionist School. Cezanne, Seurat and Manet all produced inspirational and at the time even controversial works which completely revolutionized thinking in the world of art.